The Volga River in Russia. The EU accepts few candidates: member states must maintain a stable, democratic form of government, a free-market economy, and commitment to the rule of law.The rapid growth of the European Union, however, has caused a number of administrative and political tensions. 4. The country is also home to a number of outstanding schools for automotive design, such as the Hochschule Esslingen and Hochschule Pforzheim.Political GeographyEuropes long history and economic progress have been shaped by its political geography. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. 2. You cannot download interactives. The eastward limits now adopted by most geographers exclude the Caucasus region and encompass a small portion of Kazakhstan, where the European boundary formed by the northern Caspian coast is connected to that of the Urals by Kazakhstans Emba River and Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills, themselves a southern extension of the Urals. The program highlights Europes rich cultural diversity, celebrates its cultural ties, and brings people of different European backgrounds together. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. Ethnic Groups / People of Europe are at 87. From the Greek perspective then, Europa was culturally backward and scantily settled. All of the events must come together under a common theme or themes. Yet it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that modern science was able to draw with some precision the geologic and geographic lineaments of the European continent, the peoples of which had meanwhile achieved domination overand set in motion vast countervailing movements amongthe inhabitants of much of the rest of the globe (see Western colonialism). The 4,506 sq. Le site web de CORDIS ncessite lactivation de JavaScript pour fonctionner correctement. Those are coastal and interior lowlands, central uplands and plateaus, the northwestern highlands, and southern Europe. Critics believe the process of attaining EU membership is too difficult for Europes developing economies. For the political geography of Europe, see, Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands, Countries bordering or spanning another continent, Countries whose capital is not the most populous, List of countries by the number of other countries they border, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks, List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks, Special member state territories and the European Union, Language facts European day of languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1140367331, Lower Danubian Plain, between Balkan Mountains and, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57. Even though the country borders have been redrawn since the Soviet days, the continental borders never have. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Fast Facts: France Official Name: French Republic Capital: Paris Population: 67,364,357 (2018) Note: This figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 Most extensive between the Baltic and White seas in the north and the Black, Azov, and Caspian seas in the south, the lowland area narrows westward, lying to the south of the northwestern highlands; it is divided also by the English Channel and the mountains and plateaus of central Europe. The financial and diplomatic success of the EU has led to its rapid growth across the continent.The euro is one of the strongest currencies in the world. El sitio web de CORDIS requiere tener activado JavaScript para funcionar correctamente. The greater part of Europe, however, combines low elevation with low relief. Economically, Russia and former Soviet states are not part of what we think of as Europe these days, because they are not part of the European Union. One Capital of Culture of 2011, Turku, Finland, focused on cultures positive influence on health and well-being. Southward of the limits of the northern glacial ice are vales and hills, with the Paris and London basins typical examples. It is bounded by the North Sea in the north and west. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. The United States began to lead the Western world, while the Soviet Union, with its capital in the Eastern European city of Moscow, Russia, led the so-called Eastern Bloc. Norway has the longest coastline in Europe. A landlocked country of towering mountains, deep Alpine lakes, grassy valleys dotted with . It is home to many navigable rivers, including the Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Encyclopedic entry. CORDIS website requires JavaScript enabled in order to work properly. The United States and the Soviet Union built up huge nuclear arsenals, with many missiles aimed at targets throughout Europe. Other political institutions of Rome persist throughout Europe and former European colonies. Xenophobia is an intense dislike or fear of people from other places or cultures.Two events demonstrate this debate. By supporting this policy, the European Union hopes it will strengthen social, educational, professional, and economic ties in Europe and make the continent more competitive in global markets.Europes cultural products also help unify the region. Moose, bear, and elk (Cervus canadensis) are native to the European taiga.Just south of the taiga is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, including beech, ash, poplar, and willow. The land in those areas, however, is of little use for crops. Protests developed across the Muslim world, and demonstrators set fire to Danish embassies in Lebanon, Iran, and Syria. Only North Korea has such high literacy rates as Ukraine. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). Swiss-Italian is distinguishable from Italian.Romansch, an endangered language, is also derived from Latin. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Author of. Please enable JavaScript. Glaciation is the process of land being transformed by glaciers or ice sheets. A fjord is a long and narrow inlet of the sea that is surrounded by high, rugged cliffs. Professor of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs. Related topics are discussed in such articles as those on religion (e.g., Judaism and Roman Catholicism) and literature (e.g., Greek literature; Dutch literature; and Spanish literature). This is a main theme of The Odyssey, an epic poem written by Homer, in which these key elements of the sea both help and hurt the hero.Other cultures developed around the unique resources at their disposal. These camps were mostly populated by Roma, also called Gypsies. Indebted countries must now deal with strict budgets and declining incomes while more financially stable countries are forcing taxpayers to help fund the financial rescue.The status of immigrants is also a source of tension and debate in Europe. These projected changes will have two major effects: There will be a smaller work force to create a dynamic and industrious economy, and governments and citizens will have to care for more elderly people.These changes will affect different regions of Europe in different ways. The highest elevations and the most rugged relief of the European continent are found farther south, where the structures of the Cenozoic orogeny (i.e., from the past 66 million years) provide mountain scenery. Above all, in southern EuropeAustria and Switzerland includedlevel, low-lying land is scarce, and mountain, plateau, and hill landforms dominate. Important Scandinavian companies focused on designed products include Electrolux, which makes home electronics, and Ikea and H&M, famous around the world for inexpensive but well-designed home furnishings and clothing, respectively. Trees also grow in that southernmost region, including the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), cypress, and cork oak (Quercus suber). 5. geography of Scandinavia facts. The continent is awash with stunning beaches so its only right that the facts of European geography include its longest beach. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The financial crisis, along with concerns about immigrants connections to terrorism and religious extremism, has caused Europe to develop a more guarded approach to immigration. This article treats the physical and human geography of Europe. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys, and basins that complicate the general trend. [further explanation needed], The longest rivers in Europe, directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins, with their approximate lengths:[4][5]. By size, Germany is the seventh-largest European country. The highest points reached in Norway and Sweden are, respectively, Galdh Peak (8,100 feet [2,469 metres]) and Mount Kebne (6,926 feet [2,111 metres]). Because of their remoteness, however, all these regions have distinct dialects that differ slightly from their parent language. Fortuitously, Europe has no continuous mountain obstacle aligned north-south, corresponding, for example, to the Western Cordillera of North America and the Andes Mountains of South America, that would limit access into western Europe from the ocean. Furthermore, the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa and southwestern Asia also exhibit some European physical and cultural affinities. Kazakhstan. The western part of the continent clearly has a high proportion of coastline with good maritime access and often with . Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. Roma are a people and culture native to central and eastern Europe. The continent, excluding Russia, contains less than one-tenth of the total population of the world, but in general its people are well educated and highly skilled. Literally, Europa is now thought to have meant Mainland, rather than the earlier interpretation, Sunset. It appears to have suggested itself to the Greeks, in their maritime world, as an appropriate designation for the extensive northerly lands that lay beyond, lands with characteristics vaguely known yet clearly different from those inherent in the concepts of Asia and Libyaboth of which, relatively prosperous and civilized, were associated closely with the culture of the Greeks and their predecessors. You can actually get very close to the falls and safely, thanks to a well maintained hiking trail. Sweden has a long history that began with prehistoric hunting camps in the southernmost part of the country. It is characterized by simple, minimalist design and low-cost mass production. Those highland areas include lands of abundant rainfallwhich supplies hydroelectricity and water to industrial citiesand provide summer pastures for cattle. Europe is home to two countries that are completely landlocked by Italy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It covers an area of 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi). It is 1733 meters (5,686 feet) deep and is located near the Swiss and Italian borders, in the area of the Savoy Alps close to the village of Samoens. The continent also comprises numerous islands, somenotably the Faroes and Icelandlocated at a distance from the mainland. Updated: 07/28/2022 Table of Contents Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. The most common way to show this is using topographical maps. In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). La Boule measures 7.5 miles and is served by a lovely and ancient seaside town where many of the French elite have holiday homes. 7 Fun and Fashionable DIY Animal Ears That You Should Make Look like a Fashionista by Color Coordinate Your Outfits like a Pro Introverts Vs Extroverts Which One Are You. Today much of topography is focused on creating 3D representations of the Earth's surface. Some of these facts about Europe are newer than others. Europe Facts | Religion: Most of the European people are Christians (76%) and there are smaller numbers of Muslims (6%) and Jews and other beliefs. International economic and military organizations developed on either side of the Iron Curtain. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. 3. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The Iron Curtain was an ideological boundary that divided Europe into two blocsWestern countries influenced by the United States, and Eastern countries influenced by the Soviet Union. Regional climatic contrasts nevertheless exist: oceanic, Mediterranean, and continental types occur widely, as do gradations from one to the other. These ideas have been tested during times of peace and military conflict, and continue to be redefined today.Historic IssuesEuropes early political history can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, both of which profoundly affected how Western civilizations govern their territories and citizens.Described as the birthplace of democracy, ancient Greece revolved around the polis, or city-state. Europes largest and longest river is the Volga. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The highest summit in Iceland is Hvannadals Peak, at 6,952 feet (2,119 metres), while Ben Nevis, the highest peak in Great Britain, stands at an elevation of only 4,406 feet (1,343 metres). Europe, second smallest of the worlds continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the worlds total land area. Read More: 25 Unbelievable Facts about North Korea that you must know. Flora & FaunaMuch like its physical regions, Europe's plant and animal communities follow a general north-south orientation. Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries. Ukraine is the world's largest producer of sunflower seeds, and across every part of Ukraine, you'll see stunning fields of these yellow blooms. Examples of such physiographic features can be found in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Massif Central of France, the Meseta Central of Spain, and the Bohemian Massif. The empire of ancient Rome, at its greatest extent in the 2nd century ce, revealed, and imprinted its culture on, much of the face of the continent. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. These countries included Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. Switzerland's administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. On February 17, 2008, the province of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia and became Europe's youngest country. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. Not only is Mount Etna the highest volcanic peak in Europe but it is still active. The name Europe, or Europa, is believed to be of Greek origin, as it is the name of a princess in Greek mythology. The North European Plain extends across the country's northern reaches; this flat, lowland terrain is dissected by . They are very detailed and are often produced on large sheets of paper. With its central European location but geographic remoteness, the Alps region developed into a unique crossroads for Europes dominant languages, and a refuge for its archaic languages. Many of its events encouraged community involvement and civic engagement. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe falls. The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost point of Asia, divided from Europe by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. In the Alps, Mont Blanc rises to a height of 15,771 feet (4,807 metres), which is the highest point on the continent. When it comes to geographical facts about Europe, and in particular the mountains, most people will assume that the names at the top of the list will be the famous Mont Blanc or the Matterhorn. 11. Strict EU regulations place a heavy burden on developing countries to compete with their more developed neighbors.The global financial crisis, which began around 2008, has caused these tensions to elevate dramatically. It's a multi-lingual continent. In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. Of the top 10 largest lakes in Europe, 6 are in Russia, although 1 partly sits in Estonia. Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. The Netherlands is bordered by Germany in the east; and Belgium in the south. Greater relief is found in those areas in the heart of western and central Europe where uplifted and faulted massifs survive from the Hercynian orogeny, a late Paleozoic period of mountain formation. Climatically, Europe benefits by having only a small proportion of its surface either too cold or too hot and dry for effective settlement and use. That broad territory reveals no simple unity of geologic structure, landform, relief, or climate. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (or, less commonly, the river Kura in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea. Asia is not Europe ;-). She or he will best know the preferred format. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. 12. Wcz obsug JavaScript. The nation of Germany was divided in two. China says a ban on the use of TikTok by official European Union institutions will harm business confidence in Europe, With more lunar missions than ever on the horizon, the European Space Agency wants to give the moon its own time zone, The death toll has risen to at least 63 in the migrant tragedy off Italys southern coast after rescue crews recovered several more bodies, Shares have opened lower in Europe after a mixed session in Asia following a reprieve on Wall Street from recent selling pressure driven by worries over inflation and interest rates, Spain is building on its reputation in renewable energy to position itself as Europes future leader in green hydrogen. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). The name Europe may also come from combining the Greek roots eur- (wide) and -op (seeing) to form the phrase wide-gazing.Europe is often described as a peninsula of peninsulas. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French English, Turkish and Italian. It borders nine neighbors, more than any other European country. It is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. In fact, many developing nations argued that the Copenhagen Accord was drafted by a small group of powerful countries and unfairly disadvantages poorer countries, many of which are expected to suffer the worst effects of climate change.The ageing of Europes population is also expected to dramatically affect the continents social, political, and financial future. It includes parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and Belarus.Most of the Great European Plain lies below 152 meters (500 feet) in elevation. These revolutions eventually lead to the end of the Cold War, symbolized by the falling of the Berlin Wall in 1989.Contemporary IssuesEurope is now broadly defined in the context of the European Union (EU), an economic and political body officially created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993. The southern regions are mountainous while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. The ultimate fate of the European Space Agency's JUICE mission could drastically change should it succeed in discovering that Ganymede's ocean is both potentially habitable and accessible. Membership is too difficult for Europes developing economies all these regions have distinct dialects differ! Eastern hemispheres of the continent is awash with stunning beaches so its only that! 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