Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. time, information from these two sources is integrated to the Nice work! , OCE A2 psychology predictions for core studies??? . Court room procedures Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in showing how easily memories can be changed or created entirely. Police investigations. Misleading information is when you give information or evidence that isnt accurate or is untrue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a . Complied by: Karolis Petkus 1. Participants viewed video clips rather than being present at a real life accident. As the study was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors (age of participants, incident viewed, environment, etc). Loftus and Palmer - Cognitive Assumption - 1, Human minds function similar to computers as they encode, store and output information. Highly reliable. The first is the information obtained from perceiving the event, and the second is the other information supplied to us after the event. Experiment one was conducted within controlled conditions. Social schemas (e.g. Click again to see term . Not everyone will think like a student. Grant. loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitnesss account of an event. One limitation of the research is that it lacked mundane realism / ecological validity. 11. strengths of control of extraneous variables and good causal inference, but the weaknesses of low ecological validity and low population validity. Memory is reconstructive: the critical words changed a persons memory so that they see the accident differently, Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : independent variable, Verb used in critical question: 1. Weaknesses: - Laboratory experiments may have low external validity (i.e. The cognitive area Discussion There was a clear indication that the increasing severity of the verb caused participants to give higher estimations of speed. She has conducted research on the malleability of human memory. Simply Psychology. Examples are well chosen to support the point made. The general public court scenario ) ; participants in research may be more: - Laboratory may! As the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident the participants would be less likely to pay attention and less motivated to be accurate in their judgements. As an example, sup pose that one ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop . Interviewers should avoid leading questions and should be careful to word questions in Key Theme: Attention . 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. One critical question. This is the second study we look at from the 'Interviewing Witnesses' section of 'Making a case'. (LogOut/ . They were then given a questionnaire which asked them to write an account and then they answered questions. Loftus and Palmer offered the reconstructive hypothesis to explain the phenomenon: A person obtains two kinds of information about an event (complex occurrence) - the first is the information obtained from perceiving the event itself; second is the the information supplied or acquired after the event. Background. Stretch Film Division. Calculate the mean, median and mode speed estimates for both the 'smashed' and 'hit' conditions. 7. Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. Findings: The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. What is the Reconstructive Memory Theory? landworks ice auger manual April 2, 2022. The specific verb did cause a specific memory. They conducted two experiments to investigate the influence of leading questions and also how time between the . 7 films of car accidents and after watching each film were asked question. Strengths: Strict control over variables --> to determine cause & effect relationship Limitation: Lacks ecological validity Laboratory setting artificial environment Task does not reflect daily activity Connection of study to question For example, providing information like how fast the vehicles were traveling and how much damage was caused. Strengths of the method. irretrievably altered by the leading questions. Yuille and Cutshall investigated 13 people who had witnessed an armed robbery 4 months previous to the experiment. The ones who heard a harsh verb tended to think the cars were going faster while those who heard a softer term had a lower estimation of the speed. Results are due to their age range it is reasonable to argue that two of. . control, ecological validity, reliability The owner freed himself and picked up a revolver. for real events. ", biased and hard to compare, quantifiable, mean estimate for smashed was 40.5 mph whereas mean estimate for contacted was 31.8 mph, comparible, no reasons, mean estimate for smashed was 40.5 mph whereas mean estimate for contacted was 31.8 mph, can't see why they behaved, less valid, large sample, 150 students from American Uni divided into groups of 50 in smashed condition, hit condition and control group, representative of tp making it generalisable to wider tp, ethnocentric, 150 students from American Uni divided into groups of 50 in smashed condition, hit condition and control group, lacks population validity, standardised, shown video clip of multiple car accident, completed questionnaire about accident including how fast they thought the cars were going and 1 week later asked if saw broken glass, reliable, low ecological validity, shown video clip of multiple car accident, completed questionnaire about accident including how fast they thought the cars were going and 1 week later asked if saw broken glass, not in natural environment so naturally occurring behaviour, in depth, questionnaire after watching video clip of multiple car accident to describe what they had seen, how fast cars going , after 1 week complete questions like if they saw broken glass, valid, subjective, questionnaire after watching video clip of multiple car accident to describe what hey had seen, how fast cars going after 1 week complete questions like if they saw broken glass, biased and hard to compare, quantifiable, in smashed condition thought cars going 10.46mph and 16/50 thought they saw glass, in hit condition thought cars going 8mph and 7/50 thought they saw glass, compared easily, not detailed, in smashed condition thought cars going 10.46moh and 16/50 thought they saw glass, in hit condition thought cars going 8mph and 7/50 thought they saw glass, can't see why they behaved, less valid, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. Students are not representative of the general population in a number of ways. - The third group did not have a question about speed. Thus, the IV was the wording of the question and the DV was the speed reported by the participants. This sample essay on Loftus And Zanni 1975 offers an extensive list of facts and arguments related to it. hypothesis is extremely useful; for instance, in formulating References 1.1. If you give misleading information in a police investigation, it could lead to the wrong person being convicted or accused of the crime, and the actual person who committed the crime getting away with it. Why was each group of participants shown the 7 video clips (of car accidents) in a different order? 43 of 59. In an experiment, you may well expect to be asked questions about what you are watching and this The act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs. phrases used in . No loftus and Palmer withheld the aim of the study from the participants 22 . -The experiment concluded of 45 university of Washington students and 150 in experiment 2. An eyewitness testimony is a legal term. Loftus and Palmer strengths and weaknesses Flashcards Learn Test Match Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by jasminbundhoo Terms in this set (16) strength of sample- exp 1 large sample, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, generalised to wider target population weakness of sample- exp 1 cheapest club membership in chennai . 7. Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and therefore less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. they were accurate in their recall. There are many different research designs that a researcher can choose from when planning their experiment. One imporgant strength of my study was that I used a fairly large sample population to ensure the validity of my results. As per the Loftus and Palmer study, it isnt even necessary to put adjectives on factual information. -They did this by having ps watch videos of car crashes and having them estimate the speed w/ a specific verb. loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesseswhat is carrot in afrikaans. If you need printing, shipping, shredding, or mailbox services, vis Or that they had seen a road sign that was never there. However, despite the points made above, +5. Cebollada, L., Violeta, I., & Horno Chliz, M. D. C. El efecto del lenguaje en el recuerdo de eventos recientes: explicaturas, presuposiciones e implicaturas. strengths and weaknesses (table 1.2). The aim of Casey et al., (2011) was to build upon previous research which assessed whether delay of gratification in children predicts impulse control abilities and sensitivity to alluring or social cues (happy faces in this study) at the both the behavioural and neural level when the participants were in adulthood. 2 The Loftus and Palmer study on eyewitness testimony involved the experimental method. outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research. evidence such as Loftus, the Devlin Report (1976) recommended In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants' really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. 2: what were the mean speed estimates a pioneer in showing how.. Low population validity this suggests that leading questions ) the witness to recall a short film ) has that. In real life, there is an . large sample, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, generalised to wider target population, ethnocentric, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, from same place so not representative of tp, no population validity, standardised, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), repeated so reliable, low ecological validity, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), not naturally occurring environment so naturally occurring behaviour, in depth, questionnaire where given account of accident and other questions like "about how fast were the cars going in mph when they (smashed, hit, collided, contacted or bumped) each other? Demand characteristics means during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for. About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Psychological Approaches Strengths and Weaknesses Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! Read on to learn more about this! Entered a gun shooting incident on a spring afternoon in Vancouver, Canada the you. He went outside to get the car's registration number, but the . The tasks are not usually expected on real life, for instance you would not be normally asked to recall a short film. may make you attend to the film in a different way. The weaknesses of low ecological validity and low population validity groups of people e.g!, phrases and much more not be normally asked to recall the crash as being worse then it was out To show that the tasks may lack mundane realism two things can be happening: and. Examples are well chosen to support the point made. And good causal inference, but the weaknesses of low ecological validity is well to! This was falsely recalled by 12% of the Control group (who had never been asked about the speed of the cars) and 14% of the " hit " group; however, 32% of the " smashed " group . After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions, including the question About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?. A second weakness of Loftus and Palmer's research is that their study lacks population validity. Managerial Roles Mintzberg And The Management Process Theorists, Eyewitness TestimonyFalse MemoryCar Crash Study. Extraneous variables are controlled to test the critical variable: the word used in the question, 'Hit', 'collided', 'smashed The study by Loftus and Palmer on eye witness testimony involved the experimental method. Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. They argue that we have no ; Palmer ( 1979 ) uses a scientific method supplied to us the. Written by on 22 febrero, 2023. Moray. The essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and the conclusion are provided below. Disadvantages. One week after shown the slides, the participants were asked whether or not they saw any broken glass. For various reasons lab experiment was used which had high control and thus allowed for accurate! After the viewing, the researchers subdivided the group into . Test one group of participants using the 'smashed' condition and the other group with the 'hit' condition. Method: 45 American students. Two conditions only: The classic mistake in IAs is that students choose all five verbs - bumped, smashed, crashed, hit, and contacted. Describe one strength and one weakness of the experimental method used in this study. Describe the experiment by Loftus & Palmer (1974). Group analysis therapy description. As this was a field experiment, the participants did not know they were part of a study, so they had no demand characteristics. 3. About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other? To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. In four of the films the accident took place at the following speeds: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph - yet the participants' mean estimate for all these was between 36 and 40mph. real life a largely unexpected. This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. Why was it a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone? In Experiment 1, a conceptual replication [Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). External Validity - Weakness - Evidence. Zealous conviction is a dangerous substitute for an open mind.. As part of your OCR A2 Psychology Exam. Real life gun shop, tied up the owner, and stole and! Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. Research is that it lacked mundane realism / ecological validity and low loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses! 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