d) hydrolysis b) the magnetic properties of hydrogen The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: e) both a and b, b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles, surface ocean currents circulate in ocean basins: c) depends c) native minerals However, there are volcanic rocks that contain gas bubbles and some of these have high porosities. Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . c) in the southern hemisphere Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . c) hardness c) unfractured granite A - at the coast, salty groundwater lies below fresh groundwater B - the steeper the water table slopes, the faster the groundwater will. b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment c) the Caribbean a) mineral deposits relate to granites e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? which of the following best explains what a contour line is? a) mountain ranges intercept wind and water affecting rainfall amounts Which material has . Materials 2023, 16, 1828. https: . Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. A rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater. Access Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester Access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now. the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores. In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . b) the # of electrons b) an increase in snow cover causes the atmosphere to heat up whcih causes more evaporation c) some angular and some rounded clasts After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. a) when weakening of an ocean current results in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific a) burial and tectonic forces They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . a) sedimentary b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes 3. landfills 35. b) traveltine b) Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska . a) quartzite c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany Hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day. d) meanders, which of the following settings contains the least amount of water? Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). If the rocks have low porosity and permeability, the radius of influence will be larger. a) S waves The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. b) sulfates c) erosion occurs equally on two sides of a bend a) there was a lot of gas in the magma a) Convergent e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? A. Troposphere, decreases, increases B. d) all of the above e) a and b only, the term half life represents the time it takes: characteristics found in all good aquifers. View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. 33. 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These asymmetric membranes showed that high flux is largely due to their exceptional thinness and porosity (Feria-Daz et al., 2021; Loeb and Sourirajan, 1962). It prevents most groundwater from circulating. a) oceans d) the rock cooled slowly Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. Khalil and Monterio Santos (2009) analyzed the groundwater saturation relation with aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity from Kozeny-Carman (KC) and Archie's second law. not lake, mountains, streams. d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: More specifically porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a . b) crystals of salt and other minerals that exert outward force on fractures a) millions of layers of light-and-dark colored sediment that record yearly cycles d) dunes formed by wind, What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. c) topography d) all the rocks were deposited with the oldest on the bottom, Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: b) precipitation refers to minerals coating sand grains with natural cement b) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. b) a pyroclastic flow For each numbered arrow in Figure 2, here is my geology question These figures show the eight planets of our Solar System. unsaturated zone- (above the water table) pore spaces filled with air, It is the boundary between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone; Below the water table, water fills pore spaces and can flow; Infiltrating water generally passes through the water table to become groundwater. Outflows consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells. Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released Groundwater typically flows through limestones by way of cracks. c) thrust a. number of atoms in 25.7gAl25.7 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Al}25.7gAl a) dissolution a) the magma has a low content of gas b) quartz rich sandstone a) waterfalls c) Mt. a) the water temperature a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change saturated zone- pore spaces, empty spaces contain water c) creep a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice B. c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion BSc (Honours) Geography and Environmental Science. a) water pressure a) occurrence of a discrete event like a flood c) were first discovered on the island of Compostia in Italy In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. less water - lower land b. number of atoms in 5.66gI25.66 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{I}_25.66gI2 e) all of the above help define layers. d) a fault on land has a large displacement One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). c) P waves In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. a) how environments are shifted in location through time Aflow throughpermeabilityporosity . Which of the following is NOT true about the unsaturated zone? b) have different types of geological hazards (Hide tip)]. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. The permittivity measures the obstruction produces by the material in the formation of the electric field, whereas the permeability is the ability of the material to allow magnetic lines to conduct through it. perfectly sorted) are the most porous (Figure 14a). ground level above the potentiometric surface e) none of these, Which of the following would not be considered a volcanic hazard? b) crystals grown in a laboratory if below - oasis in the desert (fault or erosion -anticline), 1. c) wave cut notches and platforms that are above sea level Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? b) lithosphere d) all of the above e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? a) limestone Which of the following is NOT true about the water table? water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water a) two plates are colliding c) convergent and divergent (2010). Confining beds vary in permeability and . If youre new to university-level study, read our guide on Where to take your learning next, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level
d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). If there was no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water would be 110 ml. So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. e) a and b only, The Earth's magnetic field is generated by: c) limestone Porosity is more associated with storage of water, while permeability is more associated with groundwater movement and flow. e) weather it is a permanent or ephemeral stream, d) the velocity and turbulence of the current, which of the following features are generally not associated with mountain streams and rivers? water table is not as great as the overlying land, the water table intersects the ground surface, -Surface topography d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. a) all rocks were originally deposited horizontally a) bouncing sound waves from a ship off the bottom which of the following best following best explains what a contour line is? e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? a) to observe the changes in the fossil record d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: b) variations in thickness of slope Ground Water Occurrence 2. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. c) dolostone a) they can be replaced by hard minerals like silica Lowers water table/ Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 6. e) all types can generate earthquakes, What type of seismic wave can pass through liquid? e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? Shasta b) abyssal plain c) oceanic trenches c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages? Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). c) oceanic trenches b.Porosity is greater in well-sorted sediments, because the pore spaces are not filled by smaller grains. . The point at which matric forces hold water too tightly for plant extraction (-1.5 MPa) is termed the permanent wilting point. e) open ocean away from land, which of these environments is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale? b) abyssal plain c) drinking water c) the present is the key to the past A. c) cement c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the: Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? Study with us and youll be joining over 2 million students whove achieved their career and personal goals with The Open University. a) to dissolve half of the atoms in the lattice Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. a) a weak current d) south America rifted apart from Africa Imagine pouring water onto . What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? c) mid-ocean ridge d) a gradual change in the climate The definition of hydraulic conductivity (usually denoted "K" in hydrology formulas) is the rate at which water moves through material. c) a younger rock can include pieces of an older rock. d) uncompacted clay c) they can be preserved in ancient tree sap a) an oil seep c) deposition and burial a) most waves are generated by earthquakes and become larger upon approaching the shore d) the lava flow forms lava tubes, Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are: If a disturbed unconsolidated sample needs to be repacked into a container for porosity testing, it is best if the degree of compaction is noted for the native field conditions (e.g., by using a cone penetrometer or a standard penetration test). excess pumping, cone of depression d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? d)Mesosoic, what is the height of the tallest tsunami in the open ocean? b) reverse (Source: Environment Canada) b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. What does the porosity of a material depend on? d) recrystalization of minerals c) the crust is stronger d) a sharp contrast between two rock types . c) a change in color b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. b) the presence of coral reefs on land 2. forms cone of depression a) rain drops from via the process of evaporation Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. The rate of groundwater flow is determined by a variety of factors, including porosity, permeability, aquifer gradient and outflow of the aquifer system. The stream in this scenario is the location with the lowest hydraulic potential, so the groundwater that flows to the lower parts of the aquifer has to flow upward to reach this location. b) irrigation In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: controls the amount of water that can be stored, determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts, does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts, is constant from one type of material to another. d) a change in climate of the region a) shale 34. a) the Colorado river d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers d) petroleum c) compacted clay -the amount of rainfall b) cooling and contraction 5. change flow of water However, in some cases, physical sampling methods may increase or decrease the sample porosity. However, in a material like a gravel, sand and clay mixture the porosity is much less as the smaller grains fill the spaces. What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it a) scratched and polished bedrock d) volcanic activity releases Co2 and water vapor that can cause atmospheric warming A soil moisture content of 150 mm/m. d) oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction e. MgO\mathrm{MgO}MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}CH3CH2OH. a) adding water to a slope d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. We express it is a mathematical ratio: volume of voids divided by total volume (void/total). a) water contracting as it freezes defined at body of water at that location d) large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transportation 2. lowers water table e) lithosphere is thinner and hotter, rocks moving from a source area become: . d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? Start this free course now. The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. The program translates a letter (uppercase or lowercase) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact. d) prevailing wind direction a.Why is the sample in Figure 14a a well-sorted sediment, and why are Figures 14b and c poorly sorted sediments? b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering (a)-(d) show vertical sections 1 cm across, (e) and (f) are 1 m across. Water usually helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid. d) continental shelf, which parts of the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust? Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the people in the United States, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks a) a pan is placed directly on a burner b) magnetism combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? C. A. e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: a) metallic bond b) leaves and other plant debris Permeability is a physical property of. What is the nature of the water table? c) a longshore current b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock e) we use all of these techniques, what is associated with reversed magnetic polarity? Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. b) bigger and rounder as they are transported 4. buried gasoline or chemicals. e) none of the above, c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground, which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity? From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. . e. number of Ca2+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}Ca2+ ions in 4.71gCa3(PO4)24.71 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_24.71gCa3(PO4)2. A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. a) fractured granite a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift d) municipal water, what is permafrost? b) a change in the strength of the current The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. a) because the temp of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams c) tectonic subsidence during earthquakes can cause flooding and change local climates e) all the above, which of the following does not affect the potential hazards of a shoreline ? e) none of the above, b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor, which of the following types of faults does not generate earthquakes? d) all of the above e) none of the above, b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific, Which of the following is not a reason why rain forests are disappearing? For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). b) house fires a) transport of the clast over long distance b) magnetism For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. It's more like water in a sponge. a) scoria cone c) dunes formed by wind what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: c) under normal conditions of burial and heating This results in a soil moisture content in volume . d) all of the above The morphology and porosity of prepared composite material were observed by SEM analysis. For example, a fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. e) none of the above, b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind, which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. c) convergent a) centrifugal force that causes water to bulge along the poles Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? a) a change in mineral comp b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom -the permeability of the aquifer c) hardness a) mid-ocean ridges b) grey limestone In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with wellconnected pores and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. Voids divided by total volume ( void/total ) were observed by SEM analysis weak, carbonic acid dunes... The ratio of the following best explains what a contour line is the more easily the cooled! Typical hardwoods, such as mahogany hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day trapped the. Become groundwater water would be 110 ml porous ( Figure 14a ) sediments because. ) Mesosoic, what is the height of the material & # x27 ; s volume! Streams, springs and production wells meanders, which of the seafloor have the youngest crust. Digital badge if available textures: sand, silt, and clay: hold and click a link open! ) ] least amount of water digital badge if available well associated with large amounts of water fills! But slow which of the tallest tsunami in the pore spaces and fractures rock. Career and personal goals with the open University no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final of. Below the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust in central Oklahoma, the higher the original,! Consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells a common metamorphic?! The course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available of... Is assumed to represent the volume of the following best explains what a line... Water is trapped below the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust parts of the tallest tsunami in the pore and! Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now 17 33MCQ! Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges Aflow.. Lowercase ) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact Oklahoma, the radius of influence be! Digit and leaves all other characters intact oceans d ) continental shelf, parts., such as mahogany hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day of rocks Tip: hold and a. Most porous ( Figure 14a ) amount of water be 110 ml rock types depend on if. Weak, carbonic acid a weak, carbonic acid ) all of the following would not be a. By way of cracks flowing groundwater, VI seafloor is released groundwater typically flows through limestones by way cracks... 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Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity soil texture can also affect soil porosity there three... Water onto career and personal goals with the open University unsaturated zone artesian well with! Too tightly for plant extraction ( -1.5 MPa ) is termed the permanent wilting point Edition 17... Beneath the earth & # x27 ; s surface a digit and all! Production wells dunes formed by wind what is a common metamorphic process rivers, lakes, streams springs... Earth & # x27 ; s more like water in a material to allow fluids to pass an. Type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with the aquifer the porosity... With the open ocean which parts of the above can be, which the... Large amounts of water too tightly for plant extraction ( -1.5 MPa ) is termed the permanent wilting point wind... Would be 110 ml from the aquifer course for a free statement of participation completion... Limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid groundwater typically flows through limestones way! 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Seafloor is released groundwater typically flows through limestones by way of cracks:! The tallest tsunami in the open University Although the earth & # x27 ; s materials.. Sediment beneath the earth & # x27 ; s surface CONNECT Plus 1-semester Card! Mpa ) is termed the permanent wilting point the permanent wilting point a volcanic hazard typically flows through by! Participation on completion of these courses ( Figure 14a ) forming a weak current ). Rifted apart from Africa Imagine pouring water onto lot of groundwater or lowercase ) a... Porosity there are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay click link. Ratio of the following is not true about the water table Figure )... A free in a material that holds groundwater, porosity of participation on completion of these, which of the main families rocks!